We aimed at defining possible means to combine the ecological compensation obligation and the related environmental added-value with the agroecological transition. Our approach meets two current objectives of environmental and agricultural public policies: the agroecological transition that implies a material change in agricultural practices, and the effective implementation of ecological compensation, that aims at achieving at least no net loss of biodiversity and even net positive impacts. We describe and assess the various relations among agricultural lands, ordinary nature, ecosystem functions and services, and to come up with concrete methodological proposals to construct operational bioindicators based, in particular, on the ecosystems services.